In post-war Russia in the mid 20th century, the leaders of the Soviet Union sought
to control the population's access to western music. Such music was
seen as an instrument of capitalist propaganda and a threat to the
state, and was banned. But the soviet people were keenly interested in
jazz (and, later, rock and roll), and ironically the market found a way
to make supply approach demand.
Because vinyl was too expensive,
and in any event could not be commercially produced without detection,
the black market record producers had to seek out a cheaper and more
steady supply of raw material. They found it in used x-ray plates from
hospitals - which were virtually free because the alternative disposal
means was the garbage. The market was born for roentgenizdat (one of the rare times I can link to urbandictionary.com in a TMFW!), which is a portmanteau of "roentgen," meaning x-rays and "'izdatel'stvo," meaning publisher.
Like samizdat copies of underground literary works, roentgenizdat (or "bone records") were made by hand. After cutting the film into a circular shape with scissors, the creators used modified phonograph equipment to reproduce the source material on the x-ray film. This Wikipedia-esque post from NYU's Department of Media, Culture, and Communication and this detailed blog entry from Kevin Kelly
tell the story well: the records were of very crude sound quality and
sold for 1 or 2 rubles each - about the cost of a small bottle of vodka
and easily affordable to most Russians. They would last for a few
months and then would become too worn to play. Bone records started with music from the 30s and 40s like George Gershwin, and migrated in the 1950s to early pop and rock artists like Tennessee Ernie Ford, Elvis Presley, and Buddy Holly.
By the late 1950s, the market for bone records was allegedly in the millions of copies, and the state stepped in to disrupt it. They flooded the market with
false copies and cracked down on the largest traders with jail time and
public shaming. In the late 50s and early 60s, the Komsomol
(the youth organization of the communist party) lead music patrols
where they sought out illegal western music and ratted out offenders.
If you want to hear and see some bone records, this Russian livejournal entry (Google's translation here)
has a number of cool pictures and mp3s, including recordings of Elvis'
"Heartbreak Hotel" imprinted on a close-up of a heart and W.C. Handy's
"St. Louie Blues" on a skull. The blog writer recalls seeing some of
the records as a younger man, saying "I vaguely remember my bewilderment [at] the piety with which they
were stored - wrapped in a soft flannel and a newspaper on top. Although, maybe it was [a reflection] of their eternal disguise - in the event of a search."
As
reel-to-reel and cassette recording became more available in Russia
starting in the early 1970s, albums were dubbed in endless chains and
traded between friends. It was peer-to-peer in the truest sense, and
bone records became unnecessary and obsolete.
If you still haven't purchased my Christmas/Hanukkah/Solstice gift, here is a good selection of roentgenizdat available for purchase. What once was disposable media sold for pocket money is now a collectors item worth $100+.
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BONUS FACT: Another great story of "Russian ingenuity meets youth rock-and-roll culture meets Soviet censorship" is this one of homemade electric guitars made with pickups from the receivers of Soviet payphones. In a certainly-exaggerated-but-I-
BONUS FACT 2: The Leningrad band Aquarium was one of the most famous underground Soviet rock bands of the '70s and '80s. In an overview of the group - written for western audiences - from 1986,
the author explains that the band does not officially exist in the
Soviet Union. They had never been played on state radio, they were not
permitted to play at official concert halls, and each of their seven
records to that date had been unofficially released via dubbed cassettes
shared from person to person. The lead singer of Aquarium was a night
watchman; his bandmates included a weed cutter for the railroad, a
furnace stoker, and a roadside watermelon salesperson. You can hear one of their their early 1980s songs here;
the crude sound quality comes through and almost adds something to the
track. One can imagine how exhilarating it must have felt to listen to.
BONUS FACT 3: After glasnost softened Soviet censorship, Aquarium was finally signed to a state music label in 1987 and released an official record. It was a watershed moment in the USSR.
BONUS FACT 4: One of the most robust reproducers of western music was the cooperative "Golden Dog"
out of Leningrad, Russia (see that link for a 1963 Spokane, WA
newspaper report of their bust by a "Russian vice squad.") That name
was chosen in tribute to Nipper, RCA Victor's famous dog logo.
BONUS FACT 5: I can't read W.C. Handy's name without getting "Walking in Memphis" stuck in my head.
VERY IMPORTANT UPDATE/CORRECTION: In the first Bonus Fact of last week's TMFW,
when listing each of the cities namechecked in Huey Lewis & The
News' "The Heart of Rock and Roll," I omitted New York (where you can do
a half-a-million things, all at a quarter to three) and Los Angeles
(with its neon lights and the pretty pretty girls, all dressed so
scantily). TMFW regrets the error.
